tứ phân vị là gì

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In statistics, a quartile is a type of quantile which divides the number of data points into four parts, or quarters, of more-or-less equal size. The data must be ordered from smallest lớn largest lớn compute quartiles; as such, quartiles are a size of order statistic. The three main quartiles are as follows:

• The first quartile (Q₁) is defined as the middle number between the smallest number (minimum) and the median of the data mix. It is also known as the lower quartile, as 25% of the data is below this point.
• The second quartile (Q₂) is the median of a data set; thus 50% of the data lies below this point.
• The third quartile (Q₃) is the middle value between the median and the highest value (maximum) of the data mix. It is known as the upper quartile, as 75% of the data lies below this point.^[1]

Along with the minimum and maximum of the data (which are also quartiles), the three quartiles described above provide a five-number summary of the data. This summary is important in statistics because it provides information about both the center and the spread of the data. Knowing the lower and upper quartile provides information on how big the spread is and if the dataset is skewed toward one side. Since quartiles divide the number of data points evenly, the range is not the same between quartiles (i.e., Q₃-Q₂ ≠ Q₂-Q₁) and is instead known as the interquartile range (IQR). While the maximum and minimum also show the spread of the data, the upper and lower quartiles can provide more detailed information on the location of specific data points, the presence of outliers in the data, and the difference in spread between the middle 50% of the data and the outer data points.^[2]

Definitions[edit]

Computing methods[edit]

Discrete distributions[edit]

For discrete distributions, there is no universal agreement on selecting the quartile values.^[3]

Method 1[edit]

1. Use the median lớn divide the ordered data mix into two-halves.
   • If there is an odd number of data points in the original ordered data mix, do not include the median (the central value in the ordered list) in either half.
   • If there is an even number of data points in the original ordered data mix, split this data mix exactly in half.
2. The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data.

This rule is employed by the TI-83 calculator boxplot and "1-Var Stats" functions.

Method 2[edit]

1. Use the median lớn divide the ordered data mix into two-halves.
   • If there are an odd number of data points in the original ordered data mix, include the median (the central value in the ordered list) in both halves.
   • If there are an even number of data points in the original ordered data mix, split this data mix exactly in half.
2. The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data.

The values found by this method are also known as "Tukey's hinges";^[4] see also midhinge.

Method 3[edit]

1. If there are even numbers of data points, then Method 3 starts off the same as Method 1 or Method 2 above and you can choose lớn include or not include the median as a datapoint. If you choose lớn include the median as a new datapoint, proceed lớn step 2 or 3 of Method 3 because you now have an odd number of datapoints.
2. If there are (4n+1) data points, then the lower quartile is 25% of the nth data value plus 75% of the (n+1)th data value; the upper quartile is 75% of the (3n+1)th data point plus 25% of the (3n+2)th data point.
3. If there are (4n+3) data points, then the lower quartile is 75% of the (n+1)th data value plus 25% of the (n+2)th data value; the upper quartile is 25% of the (3n+2)th data point plus 75% of the (3n+3)th data point.

Method 4[edit]

If we have an ordered dataset , we can interpolate between data points lớn find the th empirical quantile if is in the quantile. If we denote the integer part of a number by , then the empirical quantile function is given by,

,

where and .^[1]

To find the first, second, and third quartiles of the dataset we would evaluate , , and respectively.

Example 1[edit]

Ordered Data Set: 6, 7, 15, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49

Example 2[edit]

Ordered Data Set: 7, 15, 36, 39, 40, 41

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As there are an even number of data points, the first three methods all give the same results.

Continuous probability distributions[edit]

If we define a continuous probability distributions as where is a real valued random variable, its cumulative distribution function (CDF) is given by

.^[1]

The CDF gives the probability that the random variable is less kêu ca the value . Therefore, the first quartile is the value of when , the second quartile is when , and the third quartile is when .^[5] The values of can be found with the quantile function where for the first quartile, for the second quartile, and for the third quartile. The quantile function is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function if the cumulative distribution function is monotonically increasing.

Outliers[edit]

There are methods by which lớn kiểm tra for outliers in the discipline of statistics and statistical analysis. Outliers could be a result from a shift in the location (mean) or in the scale (variability) of the process of interest.^[6] Outliers could also be evidence of a sample population that has a non-normal distribution or of a contaminated population data mix. Consequently, as is the basic idea of descriptive statistics, when encountering an outlier, we have lớn explain this value by further analysis of the cause or origin of the outlier. In cases of extreme observations, which are not an infrequent occurrence, the typical values must be analyzed. In the case of quartiles, the Interquartile Range (IQR) may be used lớn characterize the data when there may be extremities that skew the data; the interquartile range is a relatively robust statistic (also sometimes called "resistance") compared lớn the range and standard deviation. There is also a mathematical method lớn kiểm tra for outliers and determining "fences", upper and lower limits from which lớn kiểm tra for outliers.

After determining the first and third quartiles and the interquartile range as outlined above, then fences are calculated using the following formula:

where Q₁ and Q₃ are the first and third quartiles, respectively. The lower fence is the "lower limit" and the upper fence is the "upper limit" of data, and any data lying outside these defined bounds can be considered an outlier. Anything below the Lower fence or above the Upper fence can be considered such a case. The fences provide a guideline by which lớn define an outlier, which may be defined in other ways. The fences define a "range" outside which an outlier exists; a way lớn picture this is a boundary of a fence, outside which are "outsiders" as opposed lớn outliers. It is common for the lower and upper fences along with the outliers lớn be represented by a boxplot. For a boxplot, only the vertical heights correspond lớn the visualized data mix while horizontal width of the box is irrelevant. Outliers located outside the fences in a boxplot can be marked as any choice of symbol, such as an "x" or "o". The fences are sometimes also referred lớn as "whiskers" while the entire plot visual is called a "box-and-whisker" plot.

When spotting an outlier in the data mix by calculating the interquartile ranges and boxplot features, it might be simple lớn mistakenly view it as evidence that the population is non-normal or that the sample is contaminated. However, this method should not take place of a hypothesis test for determining normality of the population. The significance of the outliers vary depending on the sample size. If the sample is small, then it is more probable lớn get interquartile ranges that are unrepresentatively small, leading lớn narrower fences. Therefore, it would be more likely lớn find data that are marked as outliers.^[7]

Computer software for quartiles[edit]

Excel:

The Excel function QUARTILE(array, quart) provides the desired quartile value for a given array of data, using Method 3 from above. In the Quartile function, array is the dataset of numbers that is being analyzed and quart is any of the following 5 values depending on which quartile is being calculated. ^[8]

MATLAB:

In order lớn calculate quartiles in Matlab, the function quantile(A,p) can be used. Where A is the vector of data being analyzed and p is the percentage that relates lớn the quartiles as stated below. ^[9]

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See also[edit]

• Five-number summary
• Range
• Box plot
• Interquartile range
• Summary statistics
• Quantile

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Quartile – from MathWorld Includes references and compares various methods lớn compute quartiles
• Quartiles – From MathForum.org
• Quartiles calculator – simple quartiles calculator
• Quartiles – An example how lớn calculate it